Create beautiful PDFs in LaTeX

The LaTeX document preparation system has an interesting history. When programmer Don Knuth wrote his first book, The Art of Computer Programming, in 1968, it was produced using an old-style printing press method. When he published the second edition in 1976, the publisher had moved to modern phototypesetting.

Knuth was unhappy with how the new edition looked. Addressing the problem from a programmer’s perspective, Knuth decided to create his own text processing system so his future books could be formatted to look the same way, for every book in the series. And so it was that Don Knuth wrote the first version of TeX in 1978.

A few years later, Leslie Lamport created a set of macros that help authors write complex documents more easily. Lamport’s macro extensions, LaTeX, essentially extends TeX to easily produce all kinds of documents. For example, many academic organizations use LaTeX to publish journals and proceedings.

Writing documents in LaTeX

It’s easy to learn the basics of LaTeX by writing a short article. Let’s start by borrowing from the About Opensource.com page to create this sample input file:

$ cat about.tex 

documentclass{article}

begin{document}


Opensource.com is a premier, daily publication focused on

open source and Linux tutorials, stories, and resources.


We're a diverse and inviting group, made up of staff

editors, Correspondents, contributors, and readers. We

value differences in skills, talents, backgrounds, and

experiences. There are a few different ways to get involved

as a reader or a writer.


end{document}

Like other document formatting programs, LaTeX collects words and fills paragraphs. That means you can add new text in the middle of a paragraph and not worry about how the final document will look. As long as you don’t add a blank line in the middle of a paragraph, LaTeX creates fully justified paragraphs. When it finds a blank line, LaTeX starts a new paragraph.

LaTeX needs a few control statements to define the document. Every LaTeX document should start with a declaration of the document’s class. LaTeX supports several kinds of documents, including letters, books, and articles. For this example, I used documentclass{article} to set the article class.

Tell LaTeX where the text begins and ends with the begin{document} and end{document} statements. If you add text before the begin{document}, LaTeX generates an error. Any text after end{document} is ignored.

Process this document using LaTeX with the latex command:

$ latex about.tex

This is pdfTeX, Version 3.141592653-2.6-1.40.22 (TeX Live 2021) (preloaded format=latex)

 restricted write18 enabled.

entering extended mode

(./about.tex

LaTeX2e  patch level 4

(/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/article.cls

Document Class: article 2020/04/10 v1.4m Standard LaTeX document class

(/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/base/size10.clo))

(/usr/share/texlive/texmf-dist/tex/latex/l3backend/l3backend-dvips.def)

No file about.aux.

[1] (./about.aux) )

Output written on about.dvi (1 page, 736 bytes).

Transcript written on about.log.

LaTeX produces a lot of text so you can see what it is doing. If your document contains errors, LaTeX prints a message, and possibly prompt for what it should do. In most cases, you can type exit at the prompt to force LaTeX to quit.

If LaTeX was successful in generating a document, it produces a file with a .dvi extension. The DVI stands for Device Independent because you can use a variety of tools to create other kinds of output. For example, the dvipdf program converts the DVI file to a PDF file.

$ dvipdf about.dvi

Image by:

(Jim Hall, CC BY-SA 4.0)

Adding lists

LaTeX supports two kinds of lists: an enumerated list where each item starts with a number, and an itemized or “bullet” list. Add a short enumerated list after the second paragraph to list the ways that folks can get involved with Opensource.com:

begin{enumerate}

item Be a writer

item Be a reader

end{enumerate}

Similar to how you need to provide begin and end statements around a document definition, you also need to provide begin and end statements around a list. Within the list, start each new item with an item command. When you process this new file with LaTeX and convert it to PDF format, you see your list formatted as a numbered list:

Image by:

(Jim Hall, CC BY-SA 4.0)

You can also add lists within a list. This is a neat feature if you need to provide a list with several options for each item. For example, you can add a few different resources for folks who want to become writers at Opensource.com. The embedded list uses its own begin and end statements. I’ll add some extra space around this example so it’s easier to see, but LaTeX doesn’t really care about the blank lines and extra spaces:

begin{enumerate}

item Be a writer


  begin{itemize}

  item Resources for writers

  item Contributor Club

  item Correspondent Program

  end{itemize}


item Be a reader

end{enumerate}

The new list is inserted as an embedded list inside item number 1 because you added the list between the two original item statements. You could have instead inserted this list after item number 2 by adding the new list before the end{enumerate} statement.

Image by:

(Jim Hall, CC BY-SA 4.0)

Sections and subsections

You can make a long document easier to read by breaking it up into sections. To add a section title to a LaTeX document, use the section{...} statement, and write the section’s title inside the braces. For example, you can add a new section titled “About Opensource.com” to the top of the document with this:

$ head about.tex 

documentclass{article}

begin{document}


section{About Opensource.com}


Opensource.com is a premier, daily publication focused on

open source and Linux tutorials, stories, and resources.


We're a diverse and inviting group, made up of staff

editors, Correspondents, contributors, and readers. We

The article document class adds a number before each major section, and increases the font size so it stands out in the document.

Image by:

(Jim Hall, CC BY-SA 4.0)

For documents that require more organization, you can add subsections using the subsection{...} command. Like the section{...} command, enter the subsection’s title between the curly braces.

$ head about.tex

documentclass{article}

begin{document}


section{About Opensource.com}


Opensource.com is a premier, daily publication focused on

open source and Linux tutorials, stories, and resources.


subsection{Welcome to the Opensource.com community}

Image by:

(Jim Hall, CC BY-SA 4.0)

Title and author

Scientific articles meant for publication require a title, author, and publication date. LaTeX provides a method to add this information by inserting commands that define each, then generates the article’s title with a separate maketitle command.

Add “About Us” as the article’s title, “Opensource.com Editors” for the author, and “July 10, 2022” as the publication date. You must enter this block after the begin{document} and before the rest of the content, such as the first section:

title{About Us}

author{Opensource.com Editors}

date{July 10, 2022}

maketitle

When you process the document, LaTeX adds the title, author, and date to the top of the artcle:

Image by:

(Jim Hall, CC BY-SA 4.0)

Adding emphasis

Scientific and other technical documents often include terms and phrases that need to carry special emphasis. LaTeX provides several font effects you can use in technical documents, including emphasis text (usually displayed in italics), bold text, and small caps.

Update your LaTeX document to put the phrase “staff editors, Correspondents, contributors, and readers” in italics text, and the specific words “reader” and “writer” later in the paragraph in emphasis text. You can also put the phrase “skills, talents, backgrounds, and experiences” in bold. And while it’s not the correct way to style it, you can use small caps to type “Linux.”

$ head -20 about.tex 

documentclass{article}

begin{document}


title{About Us}

author{Opensource.com Editors}

date{July 10, 2022}

maketitle


section{About Opensource.com}


Opensource.com is a premier, daily publication focused on

open source and textsc{Linux} tutorials, stories, and resources.


subsection{Welcome to the Opensource.com community}


We're a diverse and inviting group, made up of textit{staff

editors, Correspondents, contributors, and readers}. We

value differences in textbf{skills, talents, backgrounds, and

experiences}. There are a few different ways to get involved

as a emph{reader} or a emph{writer}.

This sample shows different ways to apply different styles to text. When you need to add emphasis, use the emph{...} command, with the word or phrase between the curly braces. To display text in italics, boldface, or small caps, use a variation of the text command: textit{...} for italics, textbf{...} for boldface, and textsc{...} for small caps. LaTeX supports lots of other ways to style text, but these styles get you pretty far in writing scientific documents.

Image by:

(Jim Hall, CC BY-SA 4.0)

Using LaTeX

I’ve only touched on a few ways to write scientific and technical documents in LaTeX. Depending on your needs, you can also use LaTeX to insert footnotes and typeset mathematical equations and expressions. To explore other ways to use LaTeX for scientific writing, also read A introduction to creating documents in LaTeX here on Opensource.com.